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Sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE) are methods that aim to change sexual orientation, used to try to convert homosexual and bisexual people to heterosexuality.〔American Psychological Association: (Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts )〕 They may include behavioral techniques, cognitive behavioral techniques, psychoanalytic techniques, medical approaches, religious and spiritual approaches, and, in some parts of the world, acts of sexual violence ("corrective rape"). There are no studies of adequate scientific rigor to conclude whether or not SOCE work to change sexual orientation.〔 The longstanding consensus of the behavioral and social sciences, and the health and mental health professions, since the 1970s, is that homosexuality and bisexuality are ''per se'' normal and positive variations of human sexual orientation.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6803&Itemid=1926 ) archived (here ).〕 The research consistently failed to provide any empirical or scientific basis for regarding homosexuality or bisexuality as a disorder or abnormality.〔(Brief of ''Amici Curiae'' American Psychological Association; Maine Psychological Association; National Association of Social Workers; National Association of Social Workers, Maine Chapter; Maine Association of Psychiatric Physicians; Child Welfare League of America; Maine Children’s Alliance; Maine Medical Association; American Academy of Pediatrics, Maine Chapter; Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute; Kids First; and Community Counseling Center, In Support of Appellants (October 12, 2006) )〕〔Royal College of Psychiatrists: (Submission to the Church of England’s Listening Exercise on Human Sexuality. )〕 There is a large body of research evidence that indicates that being gay, lesbian or bisexual is compatible with normal mental health and social adjustment.〔 Because of this, the major mental health professional organizations do not encourage individuals to try to change their sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual. Indeed, such interventions are ethically suspect because they can be harmful to the psychological well-being of those who attempt them; clinical observations and self-reports indicate that many individuals who unsuccessfully attempt to change their sexual orientation experience considerable psychological distress. For these reasons, no major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation.〔(Expert affidavit of Gregory M. Herek, Ph.D. ), ''United States District Court for the State of Massachusetts''.〕〔Royal College of Psychiatrists: (Statement from the Royal College of Psychiatrists’ Gay and Lesbian Mental Health Special Interest Group )〕〔Australian Psychological Society: (Sexual orientation and homosexuality )〕 The Royal College of Psychiatrists shares the concern of both the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association that positions espoused by bodies like the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH) in the United States are not supported by science and that so-called treatments of homosexuality as recommended by NARTH create a setting in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish.〔 SOCE has been controversial due to tensions between the values held by some right-wing faith-based organizations, on the one hand, and those held by LGBT rights organizations, human rights and civil rights organizations, and other faith-based organizations, as well as professional and scientific organizations, on the other. Some individuals and groups have, contrary to global scientific research and consensus, promoted the idea of homosexuality as symptomatic of developmental defects or spiritual and moral failings and have argued that SOCE, including psychotherapy and religious efforts, could alter homosexual feelings and behaviors.〔〔 Such efforts are potentially harmful because they present the view that the sexual orientation of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth is a mental illness or disorder, and they often frame the inability to change one’s sexual orientation as a personal and moral failure.〔American Psychological Association: (Just the Facts about Sexual Orientation & Youth: A Primer for Principals, Educators, & School Personnel )〕 Many of these individuals and groups appeared to be embedded within the larger context of conservative religious political movements that have supported the stigmatization of homosexuality on political or religious grounds.〔〔 There is a population that undergoes sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE) and tends to have strongly conservative religious views that lead them to seek to change their sexual orientation.〔 Co-founder and other former Exodus International leaders issued a public and formal apology for their work as ex-gay leaders and the harm they caused to those they claimed to be helping.〔YouTube: (Former Ex-Gay Leaders Apologize )〕 == History == Medical attempts to change homosexuality included surgical treatments such as hysterectomy, ovariectomy, clitoridectomy,〔 castration, vasectomy, pudic nerve surgery, and lobotomy. Substance-based methods included hormone treatment, pharmacologic shock treatment, and treatment with sexual stimulants and sexual depressants.〔 Other methods included aversion therapy, the reduction of aversion to heterosexuality,〔 electroshock treatment, group therapy, hypnosis, and psychoanalysis. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sexual orientation change efforts」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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